Biblioteca DEA SABINA

Poesie di Anne Bradstreet-Poetessa statunitense- Poetry Foundation –

Anne Bradstreet was the first woman to be recognized as an accomplished New World Poet. Her volume of poetry The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America … received considerable favorable attention when it was first published in London in 1650. Eight years after it appeared it was listed by William London in his Catalogue of the Most Vendible Books in England, and George III is reported to have had the volume in his library. Bradstreet’s work has endured, and she is still considered to be one of the most important early American poets.

Although Anne Dudley Bradstreet did not attend school, she received an excellent education from her father, who was widely read— Cotton Mather described Thomas Dudley as a “devourer of books”—and from her extensive reading in the well-stocked library of the estate of the Earl of Lincoln, where she lived while her father was steward from 1619 to 1630. There the young Anne Dudley read Virgil, Plutarch, Livy, Pliny, Suetonius, Homer, Hesiod, Ovid, Seneca, and Thucydides as well as Spenser, Sidney, Milton, Raleigh, Hobbes, Joshua Sylvester’s 1605 translation of Guillaume du Bartas’s Divine Weeks and Workes, and the Geneva version of the Bible. In general, she benefited from the Elizabethan tradition that valued female education. In about 1628—the date is not certain—Anne Dudley married Simon Bradstreet, who assisted her father with the management of the Earl’s estate in Sempringham. She remained married to him until her death on September 16, 1672. Bradstreet immigrated to the new world with her husband and parents in 1630; in 1633 the first of her children, Samuel, was born, and her seven other children were born between 1635 and 1652: Dorothy (1635), Sarah (1638), Simon (1640), Hannah (1642), Mercy (1645), Dudley (1648), and John (1652).

Although Bradstreet was not happy to exchange the comforts of the aristocratic life of the Earl’s manor house for the privations of the New England wilderness, she dutifully joined her father and husband and their families on the Puritan errand into the wilderness. After a difficult three-month crossing, their ship, the Arbella, docked at Salem, Massachusetts, on July 22, 1630. Distressed by the sickness, scarcity of food, and primitive living conditions of the New England outpost, Bradstreet admitted that her “heart rose” in protest against the “new world and new manners.” Although she ostensibly reconciled herself to the Puritan mission—she wrote that she “submitted to it and joined the Church at Boston”—Bradstreet remained ambivalent about the issues of salvation and redemption for most of her life.

Once in New England the passengers of the Arbella fleet were dismayed by the sickness and suffering of those colonists who had preceded them. Thomas Dudley observed in a letter to the Countess of Lincoln, who had remained in England: “We found the Colony in a sad and unexpected condition, above eighty of them being dead the winter before; and many of those alive weak and sick; all the corn and bread amongst them all hardly sufficient to feed them a fortnight.” In addition to fevers, malnutrition, and inadequate food supplies, the colonists also had to contend with attacks by Native Americans who originally occupied the colonized land. The Bradstreets and Dudleys shared a house in Salem for many months and lived in spartan style; Thomas Dudley complained that there was not even a table on which to eat or work. In the winter the two families were confined to the one room in which there was a fireplace. The situation was tense as well as uncomfortable, and Anne Bradstreet and her family moved several times in an effort to improve their worldly estates. From Salem they moved to Charlestown, then to Newtown (later called Cambridge), then to Ipswich, and finally to Andover in 1645.

Although Bradstreet had eight children between the years 1633 and 1652, which meant that her domestic responsibilities were extremely demanding, she wrote poetry which expressed her commitment to the craft of writing. In addition, her work reflects the religious and emotional conflicts she experienced as a woman writer and as a Puritan. Throughout her life Bradstreet was concerned with the issues of sin and redemption, physical and emotional frailty, death and immortality. Much of her work indicates that she had a difficult time resolving the conflict she experienced between the pleasures of sensory and familial experience and the promises of heaven. As a Puritan she struggled to subdue her attachment to the world, but as a woman she sometimes felt more strongly connected to her husband, children, and community than to God.

Bradstreet’s earliest extant poem, “Upon a Fit of Sickness, Anno. 1632,” written in Newtown when she was 19, outlines the traditional concerns of the Puritan—the brevity of life, the certainty of death, and the hope for salvation:

                           O Bubble blast, how long can’st last?
                           That always art a breaking,
                           No sooner blown, but dead and gone,
                           Ev’n as a word that’s speaking.
                           O whil’st I live, this grace me give,
                           I doing good may be,
                           Then death’s arrest I shall count best,
                           because it’s thy decree.

Artfully composed in a ballad meter, this poem presents a formulaic account of the transience of earthly experience which underscores the divine imperative to carry out God’s will. Although this poem is an exercise in piety, it is not without ambivalence or tension between the flesh and the spirit—tensions which grow more intense as Bradstreet matures.

The complexity of her struggle between love of the world and desire for eternal life is expressed in “Contemplations,” a late poem which many critics consider her best:

                           Then higher on the glistering Sun I gaz’d
                           Whose beams was shaded by the leavie Tree,
                           The more I look’d, the more I grew amaz’d
                           And softly said, what glory’s like to thee?
                           Soul of this world, this Universes Eye,
                           No wonder, some made thee a Deity:
                           Had I not better known, (alas) the same had I

Although this lyrical, exquisitely crafted poem concludes with Bradstreet’s statement of faith in an afterlife, her faith is paradoxically achieved by immersing herself in the pleasures of earthly life. This poem and others make it clear that Bradstreet committed herself to the religious concept of salvation because she loved life on earth. Her hope for heaven was an expression of her desire to live forever rather than a wish to transcend worldly concerns. For her, heaven promised the prolongation of earthly joys, rather than a renunciation of those pleasures she enjoyed in life.

Bradstreet wrote many of the poems that appeared in the first edition of The Tenth Muse … during the years 1635 to 1645 while she lived in the frontier town of Ipswich, approximately thirty miles from Boston. In her dedication to the volume written in 1642 to her father, Thomas Dudley, who educated her, encouraged her to read, and evidently appreciated his daughter’s intelligence, Bradstreet pays “homage” to him. Many of the poems in this volume tend to be dutiful exercises intended to prove her artistic worth to him. However, much of her work, especially her later poems, demonstrates impressive intelligence and mastery of poetic form.

The first section of The Tenth Muse … includes four long poems, known as the quaternions, or “The Four Elements,” “The Four Humors of Man,” “The Four Ages of Man,” and “The Four Seasons.” Each poem consists of a series of orations; the first by earth, air, fire, and water; the second by choler, blood, melancholy, and flegme; the third by childhood, youth, middle age, and old age; the fourth by spring, summer, fall, and winter. In these quaternions Bradstreet demonstrates a mastery of physiology, anatomy, astronomy, Greek metaphysics, and the concepts of medieval and Renaissance cosmology. Although she draws heavily on Sylvester’s translation of du Bartas and Helkiah Crooke’s anatomical treatise Microcosmographia (1615), Bradstreet’s interpretation of their images is often strikingly dramatic. Sometimes she uses material from her own life in these historical and philosophical discourses. For example, in her description of the earliest age of man, infancy, she forcefully describes the illnesses that assailed her and her children:

                           What gripes of wind my infancy did pain,
                           What tortures I in breeding teeth sustain?
                           What crudityes my stomach cold has bred,
                           Whence vomits, flux, and worms have issued?

Like the quaternions, the poems in the next section of The Tenth Muse—”The Four Monarchies” (Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, and Roman)—are poems of commanding historical breadth. Bradstreet’s poetic version of the rise and fall of these great empires draws largely from Sir Walter Raleigh’s History of the World (1614). The dissolution of these civilizations is presented as evidence of God’s divine plan for the world. Although Bradstreet demonstrates considerable erudition in both the quaternions and monarchies, the rhymed couplets of the poems tend to be plodding and dull; she even calls them “lanke” and “weary” herself. Perhaps she grew tired of the task she set for herself because she did not attempt to complete the fourth section on the “Roman Monarchy” after the incomplete portion was lost in a fire that destroyed the Bradstreet home in 1666.

“Dialogue between Old England and New,” also in the 1650 edition of The Tenth Muse … expresses Bradstreet’s concerns with the social and religious turmoil in England that impelled the Puritans to leave their country. The poem is a conversation between mother England and her daughter, New England. The sympathetic tone reveals how deeply attached Bradstreet was to her native land and how disturbed she was by the waste and loss of life caused by the political upheaval. As Old England’s lament indicates, the destructive impact of the civil strife on human life was more disturbing to Bradstreet than the substance of the conflict:

                           O pity me in this sad perturbation,
                           My plundered Towers, my houses devastation,
                           My weeping Virgins and my young men slain;
                           My wealthy trading fall’n, my dearth of grain

In this poem, Bradstreet’s voices her own values. There is less imitation of traditional male models and more direct statement of the poet’s feelings. As Bradstreet gained experience, she depended less on poetic mentors and relied more on her own perceptions.

Another poem in the first edition of The Tenth Muse … that reveals Bradstreet’s personal feelings is “In Honor of that High and Mighty Princess Queen Elizabeth of Happy Memory,” written in 1643, in which she praises the Queen as a paragon of female prowess. Chiding her male readers for trivializing women, Bradstreet refers to the Queen’s outstanding leadership and historical prominence. In a personal caveat underscoring her own dislike of patriarchal arrogance, Bradstreet points out that women were not always devalued:

                           Nay Masculines, you have thus taxt us long,
                           But she, though dead, will vindicate our wrong,
                           Let such as say our Sex is void of Reason,
                           Know tis a Slander now, but once was Treason.

These assertive lines mark a dramatic shift from the self-effacing stanzas of “The Prologue” to the volume in which Bradstreet attempted to diminish her stature to prevent her writing from being attacked as an indecorous female activity. In an ironic and often-quoted passage of “The Prologue,” she asks for the domestic herbs “Thyme or Parsley wreath,” instead of the traditional laurel, thereby appearing to subordinate herself to male writers and critics:

                           Let Greeks be Greeks, and women what they are
                           Men have precedency and still excell,
                           It is but vain unjustly to wage warre;
                           Men can do best, and women know it well
                           Preheminence in all and each is yours;
                           Yet grant some small acknowledgement of ours.

In contrast, her portrait of Elizabeth does not attempt to conceal her confidence in the abilities of women:

                           Who was so good, so just, so learned so wise,
                           From all the Kings on earth she won the prize.
                           Nor say I more then duly is her due,
                           Millions will testifie that this is true.
                           She has wip’d off th’ aspersion of her Sex,
                           That women wisdome lack to play the Rex

This praise for Queen Elizabeth expresses Bradstreet’s conviction that women should not be subordinated to men—certainly it was less stressful to make this statement in a historic context than it would have been to confidently proclaim the worth of her own work.

The first edition of The Tenth Muse … also contains an elegy to Sir Philip Sidney and a poem honoring du Bartas. Acknowledging her debt to these poetic mentors, she depicts herself as insignificant in contrast to their greatness. They live on the peak of Parnassus while she grovels at the bottom of the mountain. Again, her modest pose represents an effort to ward off potential attackers, but its ironic undercurrents indicate that Bradstreet was angered by the cultural bias against women writers:

                           Fain would I shew how he same paths did tread,
                           But now into such Lab’rinths I am lead,
                           With endless turnes, the way I find not out,
                           How to persist my Muse is more in doubt;
                           Which makes me now with Silvester confess,
                           But Sidney’s Muse can sing his worthiness.

Although the ostensible meaning of this passage is that Sidney’s work is too complex and intricate for her to follow, it also indicates that Bradstreet felt his labyrinthine lines to represent excessive artifice and lack of connection to life.

The second edition of The Tenth Muse …, published in Boston in 1678 as Several Poems …, contains the author’s corrections as well as previously unpublished poems: epitaphs to her father and mother, “Contemplations,” “The Flesh and the Spirit,” the address by “The Author to her Book,” several poems about her various illnesses, love poems to her husband, and elegies of her deceased grandchildren and daughter-in-law. These poems added to the second edition were probably written after the move to Andover, where Anne Bradstreet lived with her family in a spacious three-story house until her death in 1672. Far superior to her early work, the poems in the 1678 edition demonstrate a command over subject matter and a mastery of poetic craft. These later poems are considerably more candid about her spiritual crises and her strong attachment to her family than her earlier work. For example, in a poem to her husband, “Before the Birth of one of her Children,” Bradstreet confesses that she is afraid of dying in childbirth—a realistic fear in the 17th century—and begs him to continue to love her after her death. She also implores him to take good care of their children and to protect them from a potential stepmother’s cruelty:

                           And when thou feel’st no grief, as I no harms,
                           Yet love thy dead, who long lay in thine arms:
                           And when thy loss shall be repaid with gains
                           Look to my little babes my dear remains.
                           And if thou love thy self, or love’st me
                           These O protect from step Dames injury.

Not only is this candid domestic portrait artistically superior to of “The Four Monarchies,” it gives a more accurate sense of Bradstreet’s true concerns.

In her address to her book, Bradstreet repeats her apology for the defects of her poems, likening them to children dressed in “home-spun.” But what she identifies as weakness is actually their strength. Because they are centered in the poet’s actual experience as a Puritan and as a woman, the poems are less figurative and contain fewer analogies to well-known male poets than her earlier work. In place of self-conscious imagery is extraordinarily evocative and lyrical language. In some of these poems Bradstreet openly grieves over the loss of her loved ones—her parents, her grandchildren, her sister-in-law—and she barely conceals resentment that God has taken their innocent lives. Although she ultimately capitulates to a supreme being—He knows it is the best for thee and me”—it is the tension between her desire for earthly happiness and her effort to accept God’s will that makes these poems especially powerful.

Bradstreet’s poems to her husband are often singled out for praise by critics. Simon Bradstreet’s responsibilities as a magistrate of the colony frequently took him away from home, and he was very much missed by his wife. Modeled on Elizabethan sonnets, Bradstreet’s love poems make it clear that she was deeply attached to her husband:

                           If ever two were one, then surely we
                           If ever man were lov’d by wife, then thee;
                           If ever wife was happy in a man
                           Compare with me ye women if you can

Marriage was important to the Puritans, who felt that the procreation and proper training of children were necessary for building God’s commonwealth. However, the love between wife and husband was not supposed to distract from devotion to God. In Bradstreet’s sonnets, her erotic attraction to her husband is central, and these poems are more secular than religious:

                           My chilled limbs now nummed lye forlorn;
                           Return, return sweet Sol from Capricorn;
                           In this dead time, alas, what can I more
                           Than view those fruits which through thy heat I bore?

Anne Bradstreet’s brother-in-law, John Woodbridge, was responsible for the publication of the first edition of The Tenth Muse…. The title page reads “By a Gentlewoman in those parts”—and Woodbridge assures readers that the volume “is the work of a Woman, honored and esteemed where she lives.” After praising the author’s piety, courtesy, and diligence, he explains that she did not shirk her domestic responsibilities in order to write poetry: “these poems are the fruit but of some few hours, curtailed from sleep and other refreshments.” Also prefacing the volume are statements of praise for Bradstreet by Nathaniel Ward, the author of The Simple Cobler of Aggawam (1647), and Reverend Benjamin Woodbridge, brother of John Woodbridge. In order to defend her from attacks from reviewers at home and abroad who might be shocked by the impropriety of a female author, these encomiums of the poet stress that she is a virtuous woman.

In 1867, John Harvard Ellis published Bradstreet’s complete works, including materials from both editions of The Tenth Muse … as well as “Religious Experiences and Occasional Pieces” and “Meditations Divine and Morall” that had been in the possession of her son Simon Bradstreet, to whom the meditations had been dedicated on  March 20, 1664. Bradstreet’s accounts of her religious experience provide insight into the Puritan views of salvation and redemption. Bradstreet describes herself as having been frequently chastened by God through her illnesses and her domestic travails: “Among all my experiences of God’s gractious Dealings with me I have constantly observed this, that he has never suffered me long to sit loose from him, but by one affliction or other hath made me look home, and search what was amiss.” Puritans perceived suffering as a means of preparing the heart to receive God’s grace. Bradstreet writes that she made every effort to submit willingly to God’s afflictions which were necessary to her “straying soul which in prosperity is too much in love with the world.” These occasional pieces in the Ellis edition also include poems of gratitude to God for protecting her loved ones from illness (“Upon my Daughter Hannah Wiggin her recovering from a dangerous fever”) and for her husband’s safe return from England. However, these poems do not have the force or power of those published in the second edition of The Tenth Muse … and seem to be exercises in piety and submission rather than a complex rendering of her experience.

The aphoristic prose paragraphs of “Meditations Divine and Morall” have remarkable vitality, primarily because they are based on her own observations and experiences. While the Bible and the Bay Psalm Book are the source of many of Bradstreet’s metaphors, they are reworked to confirm her perceptions: “The spring is a lively emblem of the resurrection, after a long winter we see the leaveless trees and dry stocks (at the approach of the sun) to resume their former vigor and beauty in a more ample manner than when they lost in the Autumn; so shall it be at that great day after a long vacation, when the Sun of righteousness shall appear, those dry bones shall arise in far more glory then that which they lost at their creation, and in this transcends the spring, that their lease shall never fail, nor their sap decline” (40)

Perhaps the most important aspect of Anne Bradstreet’s poetic evolution is her increasing confidence in the validity of her personal experience as a source and subject of poetry. Much of the work in the 1650 edition of The Tenth Muse … suffers from being imitative and strained. The forced rhymes reveal Bradstreet’s grim determination to prove that she could write in the lofty style of the established male poets. But her deeper emotions were obviously not engaged in the project. The publication of her first volume of poetry seems to have given her confidence and enabled her to express herself more freely. As she began to write of her ambivalence about the religious issues of faith, grace, and salvation, her poetry became more accomplished.

Bradstreet’s recent biographers, Elizabeth Wade White and Ann Stanford, have both observed that Bradstreet was sometimes distressed by the conflicting demands of piety and poetry and was as daring as she could be and still retain respectability in a society that exiled Anne Hutchinson. Bradstreet’s poetry reflects the tensions of a woman who wished to express her individuality in a culture that was hostile to personal autonomy and valued poetry only if it praised God. Although Bradstreet never renounced her religious belief, her poetry makes it clear that if it were not for the fact of dissolution and decay, she would not seek eternal life: “for were earthly comforts permanent, who would look for heavenly?”

In a statement of extravagant praise Cotton Mather compared Anne Bradstreet to such famous women as Hippatia, Sarocchia, the three Corinnes, and Empress Eudocia and concluded that her poems have “afforded a grateful Entertainment unto the Ingenious, and a Monument for her Memory beyond the stateliest Marbles.” Certainly, Anne Bradstreet’s poetry has continued to receive a positive response for more than three centuries, and she has earned her place as one of the most important American women poets.

Fonte Poetry Foundation

Anne’s Poems

A few favorites…

        To my Dear and Loving Husband

             If ever two were one, then surely we.

             If ever man were lov’d by wife, then thee.

             If ever wife was happy in a man,

             Compare with me, ye women, if you can.

             I prize thy love more than whole Mines of gold

             Or all the riches that the East doth hold.

             My love is such that Rivers cannot quench,

             Nor ought but love from thee give recompence.

             Thy love is such I can no way repay.

             The heavens reward thee manifold, I pray.

             Then while we live, in love let’s so persever

             That when we live no more, we may live ever.

.

           To my Dear Children

             This book by any yet unread

             I leave for you when I am dead

             That being gone, here you may find

             What was your living mother’s mind.

             Make use of what I leave in love

             And God shall bless you from above

.

            The Author to her Book

            Thou ill-form’d offspring of my feeble brain,

            Who after birth did’st by my side remain,

            Till snatcht from thence by friends, less wise than true,

            Who thee abroad expos’d to public view,

            Made thee in rags, halting to th’ press to trudge,

            Where errors were not lessened (all may judge).

            At thy return my blushing was not small,

            My rambling brat (in print) should mother call.

            I cast thee by as one unfit for light,

            Thy Visage was so irksome in my sight,

            Yet being mine own, at length affection would

            Thy blemishes amend, if so I could.

            I wash’d thy face, but more defects I saw,

            And rubbing off a spot, still made a flaw.

            I stretcht thy joints to make thee even feet,

            Yet still thou run’st more hobbling than is meet.

            In better dress to trim thee was my mind,

            But nought save home-spun Cloth, i’ th’ house I find.

            In this array, ‘mongst Vulgars mayst thou roam.

            In Critics’ hands, beware thou dost not come,

            And take thy way where yet thou art not known.

            If for thy Father askt, say, thou hadst none;

            And for thy Mother, she alas is poor,

            Which caus’d her thus to send thee out of door.

.

Verses upon the Burning of our House, July 18th, 1666

Here follows some verses upon the burning

of our house, July. 18th. 1666. Copyed out of

a loose Paper.

.

              In silent night when rest I took,

              For sorrow near I did not look,

              I waken’d was with thund’ring noise

              And piteous shrieks of dreadful voice.

              That fearful sound of “fire” and “fire,”

              Let no man know is my Desire.

              I starting up, the light did spy,

              And to my God my heart did cry

              To straighten me in my Distress

              And not to leave me succourless.

              Then coming out, behold a space

              The flame consume my dwelling place.

              And when I could no longer look,

              I blest his grace that gave and took,

              That laid my goods now in the dust.

              Yea, so it was, and so ’twas just.

              It was his own; it was not mine.

              Far be it that I should repine,

              He might of all justly bereft

              But yet sufficient for us left.

              When by the Ruins oft I past

              My sorrowing eyes aside did cast

              And here and there the places spy

              Where oft I sate and long did lie.

              Here stood that Trunk, and there that chest,

              There lay that store I counted best,

              My pleasant things in ashes lie

              And them behold no more shall I.

              Under the roof no guest shall sit,

              Nor at thy Table eat a bit.

              No pleasant talk shall ‘ere be told

              Nor things recounted done of old.

              No Candle ‘ere shall shine in Thee,

              Nor bridegroom’s voice ere heard shall bee.

              In silence ever shalt thou lie.

              Adieu, Adieu, All’s Vanity.

              Then straight I ‘gin my heart to chide:

              And did thy wealth on earth abide,

              Didst fix thy hope on mouldring dust,

              The arm of flesh didst make thy trust?

              Raise up thy thoughts above the sky

              That dunghill mists away may fly.

              Thou hast a house on high erect

              Fram’d by that mighty Architect,

              With glory richly furnished

              Stands permanent, though this be fled.

              It’s purchased and paid for too

              By him who hath enough to do.

              A price so vast as is unknown,

              Yet by his gift is made thine own.

              There’s wealth enough; I need no more.

              Farewell, my pelf; farewell, my store.

              The world no longer let me love;

              My hope and Treasure lies above.

. Famous poet /1612-1672

Anne Bradstreet

Anne was born in Northampton, England in 1612 and set sail for the New World in 1630.  Her poems were published in 1650 as The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, which is generally considered the first book of original poetry written in colonial America.

She was the daughter of Thomas Dudley, governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and in 1628 she married Simon Bradstreet, who later became governor of the colony. A housewife with eight children, she was also considered to be the first important poet in the American colonies. Her poems were published in 1650 as The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, which is generally considered the first book of original poetry written in colonial America. Through it she asserted the right of women to learning and expression of thought. Although some of Bradstreet’s verse is conventional, much of it is direct and shows sensitivity to beauty.
 

Bradstreet’s most deeply felt poetry concerns the arduous life of the early settlers, and her work provides an excellent view of the difficulties she and her fellow colonists encountered. She wrote several poems in response to the early deaths of her grandchildren, and her “Contemplations” (1678) explores her place in the natural world. Bradstreet also used her poetry to examine her religious struggles; she was unable to embrace Calvinism completely. “The Flesh and the Spirit” (1678) describes the conflict she felt between living a pleasant life and living a Christian life, and “Meditations Divine and Moral” (written 1664; published 1867) recounts to her children her doubts about Puritanism. Although Bradstreet addressed broad and universal themes, she is remembered best for her body of evocative poems that provide intimate glimpses into the home life of inhabitants of colonial New England.

 

 

ANNE BRADSTREET: la Poetessa del Mayflower tra Finito ed Infinito- Testi raccolti da Giulia Sonnante

Anne Bradstreet nacque a Northampton, in Inghilterra.(1612 – 13 -1672) Era la figlia di Thomas Dudley e Dorothy Yorke. Suo padre era l’amministratore del Conte di Lincoln. Il buono stato della sua famiglia l’ha aiutata ad avere una buona educazione e educazione. Durante i suoi anni di crescita, ad Anne fu insegnata storia, diverse lingue e letteratura. Era sposata con Simon Bradstreet all’età di sedici anni. Nel 1630, a bordo della nave Arbella che faceva parte della flotta Winthrop degli emigranti puritani, Anne, Simon e i suoi genitori immigrarono in America. Raggiunsero l’America il 14 giugno 1630 in quello che oggi è il Pioneer Village (Salem, Massachusetts).

Il conflitto tra l’effimero e l’eterno, la meditata celebrazione della gloria divina e il tentativo di percepire l’invisibile attraverso il visibile; ma anche l’affermazione della dignità femminile nella storia, l’amore per i figli e quello per il marito di cui si dichiara, velato dalle metafore, il desiderio fisico…

È questa la materia che nutre i versi di ANNE BRADSTREET, pima poetessa e capostipite della letteratura creativa dell’America coloniale, che alla scrittura affida il compito di riscattarla dalle costrizioni dell’esilio, di sottrarla alla perdita della memoria d’una cultura rinascimentale in cui si affaccia la sensibilità barocca.

Lettera al marito assente per un impegno pubblico

Mente mia, cuor mio, miei occhi, vita mia, anzi di più,

mia gioia, mia riserva di beni terreni,

se due sono uno, come di certo siamo noi,

come puoi indugiare lì mentr’io languisco a Ipswich?

Quanti gradini separano il capo dal cuore,

se non avessimo un collo presto saremmo insieme.

Come la terra in questa stagione, nel lutto mi oscuro,

così lontano il mio sole si è spento nello zodiaco,

mentre quando di lui gioivo, né tempeste né gelo sentivo,

il suo calore scioglieva quel freddo glaciale.

Le mie gelide membra ora intorpidite giacciono inermi;

torna, torna dal Capricorno dolce sole;

in questi tempi morti, ahimé cos’altro mi resta

se non contemplare quei frutti che generali col tuo calore?

Per qualche tempo mi danno un dolce appagamento,

reali immagini viventi del volto paterno.

Oh singolare conseguenza! Ora che sei andato verso sud,

stancamente prolungo la noia del giorno,

ma quando tornerai da me al nord,

voglio che il mio sole non tramonti mai, ma dardeggi

nel Cancro del mio seno ardente,

accogliente dimora di colui che è per me l’ospite più caro.

Lì sempre, sempre rimani e mai non te ne andare,

finché la triste legge della natura da lì ti chiamerà;

carne della tua carne, ossa delle tue ossa,

io qui, tu lì, eppure entrambi una sola persona.

                                                                                                          A.B.

***

A Letter to her Husband, absent upon Publick employment

My head, my heart, my Eyes, my life, nay more,

My joy, my Magazine of earthly store,

If two be one, as surely thou and I,

How stayest thou there, whilst I at Ipswich lye?

So many steps, head from the heart sever:

If but a neck, soon should we be together:

I like the earth this season, mourn in black,

My Sun is gone so far in’s Zodiack,

Whom whilst I joy’d, nor storms, nor frosts I felt,

His warmth such frigid colds did come to melt.

My chilled limbs now nummed lye forlorn;  

Return, return, sweet Sol from Capricorn;

In this dead time, alas, what can I more

Then view those fruits which through thy heart I bore?

Which sweet contentment yield me for a space,

True living Pictures of their fathers face.

O strange effect! Now thou art Southward gone,

I weary grow, the tedious day so long;

But when thou Northward to me shalt return,

I wish my Sun may never set, but burn

Within the Cancer of my glowing breast,

The welcome house of him my dearest guest.

Where ever, ever stay and go not thence,

Till natures sad decree shall call thee hence;

Flesh of thy flesh, bone of thy bone,

I here, thou there, yet both but one.

[1641-43]

La lirica sopra riportata non è che un lungo lamento per l’assenza del marito, lontano per un impegno pubblico. Qui la poetessa che esprime il desiderio fisico, velato dalla metafora, propone il tema dell’unità di mondi distanti; il capo, a cui fa riferimento nei primi versi, richiama alla razionalità che è prerogativa maschile; il cuore, e per estensione il sentimento, appartiene invece al femminile. Il capo e il cuore, parti di un unico corpo, sono dunque separati dal collo che unisce e separa ad un tempo. Il collo è anche immagine fallica che unisce l’uomo alla donna. C’è inoltre il riferimento agli “steps” che richiamano l’immagine del patibolo in cui la testa viene separata dal resto del corpo. Si tratta dunque di una lirica che potremmo definire anche erotica in cui i riferimenti al Nord (Northward) richiamano l’attività sessuale; il sud, invece, indica inattività.

Sull’incendio della nostra casa

Mentre riposavo nella notta silente

non mi aspettavo l’irrompere d’un dolore,

fui destata dall’eco di un frastuono

e dalle grida pietose d’una voce agghiacciante.

Quel terribile suono, al fuoco, al fuoco,

vorrei che mai nessuno udisse.

Balzando in piedi spiai il bagliore,

e al mio Dio il cuore grido

di darmi forza nel dolore,

di non lasciarmi priva di soccorso.

Poi uscendo osservai un momento

la fiamma consumare il mio ritrovo.

E quando più non potei sopportare la vista

benedissi il nome di colui a cui spetta dare e sottrarre,

che disperdeva ora i miei beni tra la polvere.

Sì, così era e così era giusto.

Ogni cosa era sua e non mia,

non sia mai detto che me ne lamenti.

Avrebbe potuto a buon diritto privarci di tutto,

eppure ci lasciava quanto basta.

Quando spesso passavo accanto alle macerie

volgevo altrove il mio sguardo dolente

e qua e là spiavo i luoghi

ove spesso sedevo e a lungo restavo.

Qui c’era quel baule e lì la cassapanca,

là s’appoggiava la credenza che ritenevo la migliore,

le mie cose più belle son ridotte in cenere

e mai più potrò vederle.

Sotto il tuo tetto non siederà alcun ospite,

né alla tua tavola consumerà un boccone.

***

Upon the burning of our house

In silent night when rest I took,

For sorrow neer I did not look,

I waken’d was with thundering nois

And Piteous shrieks of dreadful voice.

That fearful sound of fire and fire,

Let no man know is my Desire.

I, starting up, the light did spye,

And to my God my heart did cry

To strengthen me in my Distresse

And not to leave me succourlesse.

Then coming out beheld a space,

The flame consume my dwelling place.

And when I could no longer look,

I blest his Name that gave and took.

That layd my goods now in the dust:

Yea so it was, and so ‘twas just.

It was his own: it was not mine;

Far be it, that I should repine.

He might of All justly bereft,

But yet sufficient for us left.

When by the Ruines Oft I past,

My sorrowing eyes aside did cast,

And here and there the places spye

Where oft I sate, and long did lye.

Here stood the Trunk, and there that chest;

There lay that store I counted best:

My pleasant things in ashes lye,

And them behold no more shall I.

Under thy roof no guest shall sitt,

Nor at thy Table eat a bitt.

Upon the burning of our house è tra gli “occasional poems” cioè quelle composizioni scaturite da un evento contingente, in questo caso l’incendio di cui è oggetto la sua dimora. Questo rovinoso evento diviene occasione per riflettere sulla vita terrena e sulla presenza di Dio.

La Bradstreet non mostra una fede cieca ma appare spesso rivolta alla materialità delle cose terrene. Tuttavia, in questa lirica ella recupera il valore della consolazione che Dio dona all’Uomo attraverso la Speranza.

I testi in lingua originale e le traduzioni sono tratti da: MICHELE BOTTALICO, TRA CIELO E TERRA – La poesia di Anne Bradstreet , Pubblicato da Palomar di Alternative, Bari, 1996.-

Testi raccolti da Giulia Sonnante